identify the spectator ion or ions in each reaction. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/definition-of-spectator-ion-and-examples-605675. Spectator ions, as the name suggests, are ions that play a major role when it comes to having equal charges on both sides of a chemical equation. it worthwhile to memorize the common spectator ions because knowing them makes it easier to identify strong acids, strong bases, and neutral salts in a . A spectator ion is an ion that does not take part in the chemical reaction and is found in solution both before and after the reaction. Dummies has always stood for taking on complex concepts and making them easy to understand. . Allow 30 minutes for the testing of negative ions, 10 minutes for each test. The microscale sodium hydroxide test for positive ions reaction takes around 10 minutes and it is safe for learners to work in pairs. Identify a spectator ion in the following acid -base reaction. Consider a precipitation reaction between two compounds Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KI(aq) as represented below: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)Pb2+(aq) + 2 NO3(aq) + 2 K+(aq) + 2 I(aq) PbI2(s) + 2 NO3(aq) + 2 K+(aq). The chemistry of fireworks infographic and sparklers infographic provides a nice teaching context. For all the charges to be balanced, all the products must not be in aqueous form. 1. When two ionic compounds are dissolved into an aqueous state, or both are dissolved into the same solvent, their ions separate, so any ions that made up the first compound can interact with any ions from the second compound. In many reactions, a spectator ion does not have a secondary purpose and exists only because it was part of a reactant. chemical species involved in this reaction, copper sulfate and magnesium sulphate, If all are spectator ions then no reaction takes place. The calculator also computes various chemical and physical properties of all the substances in the chemical equation. Spectator Ion Definition: A spectator ion is an ion that exists in the same form on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction. The result of this reaction is that the hydrogen and hydroxide ions bond together, forming liquid water (H2O). When strong acids dissociate, they dissociate completely, so an anion of a strong . It should be entered in the input block labeled, Enter the Equation. Because spectator ions don't actually participate in the chemistry of a reaction, you don't always need to include them in a chemical equation. These properties include molar mass, phase, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility in water, and odor. Cross out the spectator ions to produce a net reaction. If you want, you can balance the equation for mass and charge first (at Step 1). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. //]]>. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. For the above example this yields: So: 2Na + CO2 + Cu + SO2 2Na + SO2 + CuCO = CO2 + Cu CuCO Spectator ions concentration only affect the Debye length. We'll notice that some of the chemical species involved in this reaction, copper sulfate and magnesium sulphate, are aqueous. The calculator also displays the names, IUPAC names, chemical formulas, and Hills formula for all the compounds present in the chemical reaction. Some people prefer to balance the starting reaction equation, but others prefer to balance the net reaction because it's a simpler equation.

Now apply these steps by generating a balanced net ionic equation for the following reaction:

Because HCl and CaCl₂ are listed as aqueous (aq), rewrite the equation, explicitly separating those compounds into their ionic components:

Next, cross out any components that appear in the same form on both sides of the equation. If all products are aqueous, a net ionic equation cannot be written because all ions are cancelled out as spectator ions. Transcribed image text: 3. The next window shows the Balanced Equation from the input chemical equation as follows: \[ Fe Cl_{3} \ + \ 3 Na OH \ \longrightarrow \ Fe (OH)_{3} \ + \ 3 NaCl \]. If you consider their possible combination into . ionic compound a compound made up of oppositely charged ions. Always put the cation first and the anion second. 2. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"yJsOLZJdeqhF8FBxO0kCtFhBpPIbfNtS6rI.Wzgdxm0-31536000-0"}; This window shows the chemical structures displaying all the chemical bonds present in all the substances of the chemical reaction. 1.9.10 describe how to carry out a flame test using nichrome wire and concentrated hydrochloric acid to identify metal ions; 1.9.11 demonstrate knowledge of the flame colours of different metal ions: lithium (crimson); sodium (yellow/orange); potassium (lilac); calcium (brick red); and copper(II) (bluegreen/greenblue); Prescribed Practical C2: identify the ions in an ionic compound using flame tests. TIPOnce completed learners can take a photo of their results using a mobile phone or tablet, so that they can clear away immediately. Spectator Ion Definition Spectator ions may be either cations (positively-charged ions) or anions (negatively-charged ions). It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Introducing the electron now, before learners meet the other sub-atomic particles, can help to embed the idea that the loss of electrons results in a positively charged ion, and may help reduce confusion later on. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. When an atom/molecule gains negatively charged electron(s), a negative ion is formed. The ion is unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation and does not affect equilibrium. If all reactants and products cross out, then no reaction will occur.

The net reaction is

As written, the preceding reaction is imbalanced with respect to the number of hydrogen atoms and the amount of positive charge.

Balance the net reaction for mass and charge.

\n\n

If you want, you can balance the equation for mass and charge first (at Step 1). The net ionic equation provides the information of ions that exist in an aqueous medium. where solid magnesium metal is reacting with copper(II) sulfate to form magnesium A net ionic equation includes only those ions or compounds that undergo chemical change. He is the author of Chemistry For Dummies. Richard H. Langley, PhD, teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University. Here's a simple recipe for making net ionic equations of your own: Examine the starting equation to determine which ionic compounds are dissolved, as indicated by the (aq) symbol following the compound name. Na2CO3(aq) and MgSO4(aq) Step 1 : MgSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) MgCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq) Step 2 : Mg2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq) MgCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq), The spectator ions in Na2CO3(aq) and MgSO4(aq) are: Na+(aq) and SO42-(aq). Re-writing the equation. Only ionic compounds can be broken down in this way, not molecules whose atoms are bonded together. The spectator ions do not participate in chemical reactions. The calculator also computes the equation for the Rate of Reaction. The equation can now be written without the spectator ions. 1.2.1 demonstrate knowledge and understanding that an ion is a charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons and a molecular ion is a charged particle containing more than one atom; and. Can a chloride ion be a spectator ion? And we shouldnt forget the state TIPPrinting the microscale sheet/integrated instructions onto buff coloured paper will make it easier to see when a white precipitate has been formed. When we have an ionic substance ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/35209"}},{"authorId":9159,"name":"John T. Moore","slug":"john-t-moore","description":"

John T. Moore, EdD, is Regents Professor of Chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas. Depending on where the identification of ions comes in your scheme of work your learners may not have come across this yet. Particles can be atoms, molecules or ions. The cation in the solution can be either Na+, Ba2+, Ag+, or Ni2+. \[ { Fe Cl_{3} }_{(aq)} \ + \ {Na OH}_{(aq)} \ \longrightarrow \ { Fe (OH)_{3} }_{(s)} \ + \ { NaCl }_{(aq)} \]. A net ionic equation doesn't include every component that may be present in a given beaker. There are different types of ions, including cations, anions, and spectator ions. Since K+ and NO3 remain unaltered during and after the equation, they can be eliminated from the net ionic equation. Nagwa is an educational technology startup aiming to help teachers teach and students learn. These ions remain unaltered over both sides of the equation besides watching over other ions. Including the state symbol, identify the spectator ion in this reaction. Step 1 :Consider the complete ionic equation in which sodium chloride reacts with copper sulfate. The rate of reaction is the rate at which the chemical reaction takes place. Definitions of molecular, complete ionic, and net ionic equations Carbon dioxide can be identified with limewater. Compare the reactant and product sides of the rewritten reaction and cross out the spectator ions. It is present in both the reactant and product sides. The oxidation number is the number of electrons that an atom has gained or lost during the formation of a chemical bond. We can see that the sulfate ion is When writing a net ionic equation, spectator ions found in the original equation are ignored. just leave it alone. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. The word equation for the chemical reaction is as follows: \[ Iron () \ Chloride \ + \ Sodium \ Hydroxide \ \longrightarrow \ Iron () \ Hydroxide \ + \ Sodium \ Chloride \], \[ K_c = \frac{ [ Fe (OH)_{3} ] \ [ NaCl ]^{3} }{ [ Fe Cl_{3} ] \ [ NaOH ]^{3} } \]. Some of the challenge tasks require learners to use and apply their knowledge from other topics. These states tell whether the ions have changed their states from reactants to products thus determining the spectator ions. You may wish to carry out this experiment in a separate lesson. The spectator ions do not participate in chemical reactions. The flame tests infographics is a great reference sheet and also explains the chemistry behind the flame colours. In reaction stoichiometry, spectator ions are removed from a complete ionic equation to form a net ionic equation. It is solid, and hence, cannot be separated into ions. not participate in the chemical change in a reaction. If all are spectator ions then no reaction takes place. So the spectator ion is sulphate or 2 NaCl (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) 2 Na+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) + CuCl2 (s), The ionic form of this reaction is: 2 Na+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) + Cu2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) 2 Na+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) + CuCl2 (s). Their role is only to spector the chemical reaction. Therefore, no precipitation reaction occurs. One can identify spectator ions in a given solution by finding the oxidation number of each atom or molecule, looking for the formation of a covalent compound or a precipitate. In this window, the input chemical equation is balanced and displayed. equation, we can identify our spectator ion. Spectator ions indicate those ions that can survive in the reactant as well as in the product phase. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Our site includes quite a bit of content, so if you're having an issue finding what you're looking for, go on ahead and use that search feature there! From the solubility rules, you know both sodium chloride and copper sulfate dissociate into their ions in water. 2.5 Shapes of Molecules and Intermolecular Forces. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In this case, the chloride ions (Cl) are crossed out: The net reaction turns out to be balanced for mass and charge, so it's the balanced net ionic equation. Spectator ions are those that appear on both sides of the equation as ions. Including the state symbol, RP 4: Carry out simple test-tube reactions to identify: cations (Group 2, NH), anions (Group 7 [halide ions], OH, CO, SO). Discover a wealth of optimised experiments and demonstrations for your classroom. Section 7.1 Ions Worksheet Answers - Myilibrary.org. Why are some ions spectator ions? Oxidation Definition and Example in Chemistry, Double Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples, The Difference Between a Cation and an Anion, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9161"}},{"authorId":9160,"name":"Chris Hren","slug":"chris-hren","description":"

Christopher Hren is a high school chemistry teacher and former track and football coach.

Peter J. Mikulecky, PhD, teaches science and math at Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, and is a technical writer. This will give you time to go over the theory in the same lesson. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. They remain unchanged throughout the equation. Spectator ions are ions that are present in a solution but don't take part in a solution's chemical reaction. There are different types of ions, including cations, anions, and spectator ions. Learn how to identify metal and non-metal ions in unknown solutions. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The chemical structure for $Fe Cl_3$ is as follows: NaOH consists of one $Na^{+}$ and $OH^{-}$ ion. They appear unchanged in both the product and reactant side of the equation. Do spectator ions form a precipitate? A balanced chemical equation is an equation with an equal number of elements on both sides of the reactants and products. The precipitate is insoluble in water. The name of the salt produced depends on the acid and base used. 1. They can also significantly change the electrical charge inside or outside a cell, which can impact how the cell functions or responds to stimuli. Because if all the products of the equation are aqueous, then all the ions will cancel out as spectator ions. ","hasArticle":false,"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9160"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33762,"title":"Chemistry","slug":"chemistry","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33762"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":253707,"title":"How to Make Unit Conversions","slug":"make-unit-conversions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/253707"}},{"articleId":251836,"title":"How to Convert between Units Using Conversion Factors","slug":"convert-units-using-conversion-factors","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251836"}},{"articleId":251010,"title":"How to Build Derived Units from Base Units","slug":"build-derived-units-base-units","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251010"}},{"articleId":251005,"title":"How to Do Arithmetic with Significant Figures","slug":"arithmetic-significant-figures","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/251005"}},{"articleId":250992,"title":"How to Add and Subtract with Exponential Notation","slug":"add-subtract-exponential-notation","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/250992"}}]},"hasRelatedBookFromSearch":true,"relatedBook":{"bookId":295574,"slug":"chemistry-all-in-one-for-dummies-chapter-quizzes-online","isbn":"9781119908319","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","chemistry"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119908310-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119908310/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781119908319.jpg","width":250,"height":350},"title":"Chemistry All-in-One For Dummies (+ Chapter Quizzes Online)","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n

Christopher R. Hren has taught high school chemistry, honors chemistry, and AP Chemistry for more than 15 years. Copyright Science Struck & Buzzle.com, Inc. Required fields are marked *, Frequently Asked Questions on Spectator ions. 9.7C Identify the ions in unknown salts, using results of the tests above, 9.6C Identify the ions in unknown salts, using the tests for the specified cations and anions in 9.2C, 9.3C, 9.4C, 9.5C, 5 Identification of an unknown compound using cation tests, anion tests and flame tests. We hope you are enjoying ScienceStruck! 2.2 Analytical Chemistry: Identify Ions Present in Solution. Just as there can be multiple atoms that make up a spectator ion, there can be multiple types of spectator ions in a particular reaction. If all reactants and products cross out, then no reaction will occur. metal halide general term used to describe the group of ionic compounds that form when a metal reacts with a halogen. According to Chemlab, spectator ions remain in solution and do not change ionic charges.

Peter J. Mikulecky, PhD, teaches science and math at Fusion Learning Center and Fusion Academy, and is a technical writer. Spectator ions serve the purpose of balancing the charges of a reaction without affecting the equilibrium of the equation in any way. In a redox reaction, a spectator ion is an ion whose oxidation number does not change in the course of the reaction. How to Identify and List the Spectator Ions in a Reaction Step I : Write the equation (with chemical formulas) for which spectator ions are to be determined. After submitting the input equation, the output window opens which firstly shows the input interpretation. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Balance the net reaction for mass and charge. record detailed observations or numerical data (where appropriate) during chemical reactions, including discrete or continuous variables; propose justified explanations, for example determine the identity of cations and anions from the observations of precipitation reactions and flame tests; Unit 1: Structures, Trends, Chemical Reactions, Quantitative Chemistry and Analysis, 1.8.15 describe how to test for carbon dioxide: limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) will change from colourless to milky if the test is positive; and. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Summary of Spectator IonAs suggested by its name, the spectator ions simply 'watch' another ions taking part in the response without itself getting involved in the response. of moles of the first reactant R1, $M_{R_{2}}$ = No. Cross out the spectator ions to produce a net reaction. Learners will need to have a clear understanding of the following scientific terminology: ion a positively or negatively charged particle. These are shown in Table 2: All the images are created using Geogebra. The acid-base reaction involves the Mg(OH)2 molecule and the H+ ion as reactants. Now apply these steps by generating a balanced net ionic equation for the following reaction: Because HCl and CaCl2 are listed as aqueous (aq), rewrite the equation, explicitly separating those compounds into their ionic components: Next, cross out any components that appear in the same form on both sides of the equation. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. The spectator ions in this equation are three $Cl^{-}$ and three $Na^{+}$ ions. If all reactants and products cross out, then no reaction will occur. One should look for the change in oxidation number. Since its a solid, we dont have But the fact that this reaction is Since neither the Na or the Cl ion was involved in the reaction, each one was a spectator ion. They merely watch over the other ions. Consider a precipitation reaction between two compounds KOH and HNO3 as represented below: KOH(aq) + HNO3 KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)K+(aq) + OH(aq) + H+(aq) + NO3(aq) K+(aq) + NO3(aq) + H2O(l). C5.2 How do chemists find the composition of unknown samples? A spectator ion is an ion that does Discover the activities, projects, and degrees that will fuel your love of science. When an atom/molecule loses negatively charged electron(s), a positive ion is formed. 5. Review and reflect on the skills and thinking used in carrying out investigations, and apply their learning and skills to solving problems in unfamiliar contexts. C5.2.3 describe the technique of using flame tests to identify metal ions, C5.2.4 describe tests to identify aqueous cations and aqueous anions and identify species from test results including: tests and expected results for metal ions in solution by precipitation reactions using dilute sodium hydroxide (calcium, copper, iron(I, 8 Use of appropriate qualitative reagents and techniques to analyse and identify unknown samples or products including gas tests, flame tests, precipitation reactions, and the determination of concentrations of strong acids and strong alkalis. This activity makes a good plenary or starter; asking students to name the metal ion as they see the different flame colours. Either method produces the same net ionic equation in the end. From the above equation, it can be observed that K+(aq) and NO3(aq)are present on both; left as well as right side of the equation. If all reactants and products cross out, then no reaction will occur.

The net reaction is

As written, the preceding reaction is imbalanced with respect to the number of hydrogen atoms and the amount of positive charge.

Balance the net reaction for mass and charge.

\n\n

If you want, you can balance the equation for mass and charge first (at Step 1). The ion is unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation and does not affect equilibrium. would be split up into the copper two plus ion and the sulfate two minus ion. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, Important Questions For Class 12 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 11 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 10 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 9 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 8 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 7 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 6 Chemistry, Class 12 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 11 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 10 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 9 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Difference Between Accuracy And Precision, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Physics, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Biology, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Physics, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Chemistry, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Maths, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Physics, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Biology, JEE Main 2023 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Main 2022 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Advanced 2022 Question Paper with Answers.