Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. We do not have to establish the correct explanation to establish that the argument is a bad one. Is the outcome stated precisely? William James was the ________. a. many coaches, parents, and teammates accept and reinforce the modeling of aggressive acts If vitamin C helps prevent colds, then the group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. An experimental design in which the subjects do not know what treatment (if any) they are receiving. If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. Healthy people who rate their health as poor know enough about their health to know that they are not as healthy as healthy people who rate their health as excellent. Given that they are elderly and in the low end of the healthy group, they will die sooner. Its like coming back from the dead. . Another contemporary of his, French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal, suspected that Torricelli was right but that a greater altitude was required to prove it. In a short paragraph, identify the explanation, discuss why it may be unfalsifiable, and explain how this results in a problem with the first part of the total evidence condition. Ive really slimmed down. Vague outcomes are likely to have a high prior probability and thus are likely to signal that the argument is logically weak. a. Specialists found the cause by taking motion pictures of the patients vocal cords during an attack and during a normal period. Rabinoff claimed that this was evidence for a causeeffect relationship between TM and the weather. If the prior probability of the outcome is high, then we expect the outcome to happen anywayeven if the hypothesis is false. The plumber says he went to a house, while the man says he lives in an apartment; how often does someone make that sort of mistake? As we have seen in the preceding chapters, the conclusion of a strong induction must fit both the premises and the available background evidence. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? They want to show how tough they are. Who started the feminist revolution in psychology? An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is thereby that much more improbableand, thus, is thereby that much logically stronger. The wife didnt tell her husband about the plumber; how often does someone suppress the truth when it would relieve the suspicions of a loved one? A. d. When he was a young lawyer, Abe Lincoln had to defend a client against a case that seemed to be strongly supported by a list of undisputed facts. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? I found a Thai restaurant and now I go there for lunch every day. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Far worse than the plumber explanation from Dear Abby, it requires a long list of independently improbable things all to be truealternative ways, for example of accounting for the following: the vast documentation rescued from the German Archives; the elaborate sealed rooms set up for funneling the prisoners to their deaths; the movement of enormous quantities of asphyxiating Xyklon B gas to the death camps; the photographs of mounds of bodies; the vast body of eyewitness testimony by both victims and their murderers; and the otherwise mysterious disappearance from history of millions of Jews. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? When I bought the housedespite its terrible conditionthe sellers let slip that someone had died here. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. ________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans, proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. e. They were born with an aggressive urge, e. They were born with an aggressive urge, Research on game reasoning (also called bracketed morality) has shown that A colleague visited several Washington-area bookstores and slipped a small note into about 70 books . We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Each of these passages discusses an explanation that might be thought to be unfalsifiable. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. b. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. . a. as a circle observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. Here is an example from Arthur Conan Doyles A Study in Scarlet; Dr. Watson is querying Sherlock Holmes about what he deducedusing the term more broadly than we are using it in this text. One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. She claims she has never seen that pipe before and doesnt know how it got there. 1) A complex, ordered organization consisting of one or more cells. Like their close cousins, inductive generalizations, explanatory arguments aim to expand our knowledge. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . How often do people leave water spraying everywhere rather than simply turning it off? Is the foundation of all scientific experiments. And if you had been wrongand you would have been wrongyou would have had the chance to correct the error of your ways. Hypotheses and theories are not derived from observed facts, but invented in order to account for them. This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? It includes the presumption of causation. Archeologist Donald Grayson of the University of Washington has found some evidence in the Donner Party catastrophe. So far as I know, officials have not used backward code words in their public speeches, so the prior probability of the explanation is exceedingly low. ], [1001]\begin{bmatrix} You note a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. It includes the presumption of causation. c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power. WebShort Answer. d. Let athletes decide on what punishments fit different aggressive and violent behaviors. Why does the speaker emphasize silence? Repression is the mechanism by which we push out of awareness and into our unconscious memories of deeply traumatic childhood experiences. C. It's correlated, but not causal. Workinprocess,May1,1,150pounds,40%completedCoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900poundsConversioncostsduringMayWorkinprocess,May31,800pounds,80%completedGoodsfinishedduringMay,11,250pounds$1,70028,60012,504. B. a. with the intent to harm physically. Also called a theoretical argument, inference to the best explanation, hypothetico-deductive argument, transcendental argument, or diagnostic argument. WebShort Answer. An observable outcome for which there are fewer possible explanations is that much more improbableand, thus, is that much logically stronger. This interpretation of the saying is unfalsifiable and can receive no logical support from the nature of ones experience. What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? Dont worry about whether the outcome has much likelihood of being true (since that has to do with the truth of premise 2, not with the logic of the argument). The observable outcome must be sufficiently improbable. Then, recalling our discussion of evaluating the truth of bothand sentences in Chapter 10, the prior probability that it was both of them can be roughly understood as .10 times .10, or .01. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. WebThe hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions. T. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. Develop an action plan. -Easier to disprove. I thought somebody must be barbecuing. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method A pathway by which we can come to discover and better understand our world. In ancient Greece, when there was a difficult decision to be made, the wealthy Greeks would sometimes travel to Delphi and consult the oracle therean oracle who, it was believed, had special powers to foresee the future. Punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? b. fans become more aggressive after watching violent contact sports Why? Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. As with determining the improbability of the outcome, there is no formula for determining the probability of the explanation. It just plain disappeared. I was being more careful about my health because I was engaged in the experiment. This is an important source of the comet arguments logical strength. In the case study of Billy the hockey goalie, what did he learn? The experience of flight instructors was at one time taken to be good evidence for the theory. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. 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which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis