The major findings are briefly summarized below. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. 6 Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2015-January 2018, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/Pop_Estimate/UnauthImmigrant/unauthorized_immigrant_population_estimates_2015_-_2018.pdf. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. Responses are very divided. For Indian Americans, the past is not just a distant country. The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. For a daily dose of the most relevant Dallas News! The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. Thirty-one percent respond that it is a major problem, 53 percent believe it is a minor problem, and a small minority (17 percent) believe it is not a problem at all. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. Millions of people are polled annually as part of the American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau to learn more . Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. Forty-three percent report that some are, while 23 percent say that hardly any or none are. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. Sign up for notifications from Insider! 25 Measuring Religion in Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel, Pew Research Center, January 14, 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2021/01/14/measuring-religion-in-pew-research-centers-american-trends-panel/. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Comments. 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. All rights reserved. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. But self-identification as a person of Indian origin tells us little about the strength of a respondents Indian identity. On the other hand, Muslims are much more likely to self-identify as South Asian (27 percent compared to 7 percent of Christians and 5 percent of Hindus). Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. Only 26 percent of Hindus who do not identify with a caste respond to questions about the caste composition of their social networks by answering dont know. This indicates that even though a large proportion of Hindu respondents say they do not identify with a caste, only a small fraction are unaware of the caste composition of their networks. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. India tops that list in 21 states. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . As the number and/or concentration of Indian Americans in a geography increases, one might expect that respondents social networks might become more insular. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. There are a host of plausible reasons why U.S.-born Indian Americans might report greater discrimination, including differences in social norms, greater awareness of discriminatory practices, or less fear of retaliation.48. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. And how might their self-conception influence the composition of their social networks? Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. Not only are Hindus less likely to report attending religious services, but they are also less likely to say that they pray. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. The next most common responsethose claiming no religious affiliation (a category that includes agnostics and atheists)accounts for 16 percent of the sample. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Check your email for details on your request. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. Just 9 percent of them hold the same views vis--vis the Congress. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity and how much emphasis do they place on their Indian-ness? By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider the United States issues immigration visas to 2 . 21 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, table 4.4 and figure 4.14. Interestingly, respondents born in the United States report twice as much discrimination along gender and religious lines than those born outside of the United States. Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. We welcome and appreciate comments onThe Dallas Express as part of a healthy dialogue. 32 The latter figure might be even greater if there are those who consider their Indian identity to be so unimportant that they do not self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin in the YouGov panel to begin with. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). 4 Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh, The Other One Percent: Indians in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017). For instance, for Indian Americans who skeptically view the rise of Hindu majoritarianism in India, it is unclear how they might apportion blame given that religion, leadership, and political parties are all deeply intertwined, especially in the current political scenario. 22 There is no one-to-one correspondence between Hindi and an Indian state of origin since the language is spoken across a broad swath of states, especially but not exclusively in north and central India. How does this group perceive itself, and how does it believe others perceive it? Eighty-eight percent of Hindus say being Indian is very or somewhat important to them, compared to 79 percent of Christians and 66 percent of Muslims. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. Washington, DC 20036-2103. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. The ordering in table 2 roughly corresponds with the map shown below. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. The results are displayed in figure 11. Is the immigrant population growing? The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW Eighteen percent of non-citizens reside in the United States on an H-4 visa, a category for immediate family members of H-1B visa holders. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. When asked how important religion is in their life, 72 percent of respondents reply that religion is either very important or somewhat important. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. For instance, 27 percent of Hindu respondents who identify with a caste report that all or most of their Indian friends share their caste affiliation. Click here for the second part of this series, an examination of how Indian Americans view Indian politics, and click here for the first part of the series, which explores how Indian Americans view U.S. politics. Within strata, matches were selected by weighted sampling with replacements (using the person weights on the ACS public use file). These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). U.S. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. U.S. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. 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