The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). End of the Merovingian dynasty. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The Latin grammar written for Saint Paul's by William Lily was the first text of classical Latin (the language used by ancient Romans). For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. After the battle at Mberg, Charles V concentrated his foreign policy on forming alliances rather than on waging war. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. February 3, 2023. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. In 22 Feb. 2023
. Answers. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country Germany. In 1601 he attempted to stage a coup (overthrow of government) that would oust Cecil's party and put his own party in power around the queen. This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. The ships did not set sail again until July. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. Philip the Fair quarreled with the popes (heads of the Roman Catholic Church) over control of the French clergy and other aspects of the monarch's sovereignty (independent rule). He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. In a.d. 711 twelve thousand Moors, led by Triq ibn Ziyd (died c. 720), crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and invaded Spain. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. Henry's wife, the strong and determined Margaret of Anjou (14301483), gathered those loyal to the house of Lancaster and asked them to support the king. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. Shortly after the death of Henry V, Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261), who was Charles VI's son, slowly began to regain French territories from the English. Royal Family of United Kingdom. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. power of the great feudal lords. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. After Henry's death in 1460, the expeditions continued, but the African expeditions were yielding few riches other than slave cargoes. His men won a few The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. Most chose to renounce their vows. But there's a lot more work than simply choosing the best nation - and . This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. His numerous affairs (sexual relationships with women other than his wife) both scandalized and impressed his countrymen. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Only eight Portuguese were killed. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. But Essex botched the job miserably. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Charles had firmly consolidated Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. The Moors introduced the secrets of making medicine and of producing steel, skills they had learned from the Far East (countries in Asia). At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Becoming the king of Bavaria in 825, Louis the German gradually extended his power over all of Carolingian Germany. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. Markets have moved higher after Rishi Sunak agreed a deal with the European Union to settle post-Brexit trading arrangements in Northern Ireland. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. Nevertheless, Edward's uncle, Edward Seymour (c. 15501552), duke of Somerset, took control of the government. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. Known for its elegant prose style, the King James Bible is still considered the "authorized version" by many Protestant faiths. Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Mary then had Elizabeth arrested and sent to the Tower of London (a prison for members of royalty and the nobility), and later to Woodstock. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. He reached the continent in November. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Introduction. Henry VIII is now considered the true Renaissance prince. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. Marco Polo. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Hotels are a thing in Sri Lanka too and they come in many flavours. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. In the course of the argumentation the actual history of state formation and the gradual emergence of the idea of the state are . Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. or leaving the dominion of Castile. For the rest of the century England and other Protestant states were involved in conflict with Spain and the papacy. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. limit their power. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. . After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Rise of Germany . when he began competing against Charles I, the young king of Spain. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. In 1512, when France went to war with Spain, the king gave the eighteen-year-old Francis command of an army. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. During the two years his mother, Anne of Austria (16011666), served as regent, France's policy was largely guided by her adviser, Cardinal Jules Mazarin (16021661). It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). She cared for the aging king and tried to be a mother to his children. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. Game Info. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Royal Family of Liechtenstein. Paris remained a stronghold of Catholicism, and on August 23 and 24, 1572, thousands of Protestants were slaughtered in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Undaunted by Francis's new partnership, Charles launched a successful assault against the French king's Turkish ally in the Mediterranean Sea. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. James was married to Anne of Denmark. The parliaments of Castile and Aragon were immediately called into session so Charles could request money to finance his trip to Aachen. He was the first of the Bourbon line of rulers. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. 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